TDNet Discover

Background: Male contraceptive options remain significantly limited in comparison to the wide range of female methods available for preventing unintended pregnancies. This unmet clinical need has sparked increasing interest in evaluating the efficacy and potential adverse effects of emerging male contraceptive methods in relation to established female options. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to compare the efficacy rates, adverse effects, and barriers of current and developing male contraceptives with current female methods. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted using the South College Library Database, Gale, and PubMed to identify high-quality studies published within the last 10 years. Specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were completed for the selection process. The quality assessment tool from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to determine the final quality of the selected studies, and a data extraction tool aided in the qualitative analysis of included studies. Results: Four full-text studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. Emerging male contraceptives, including oral dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU), transdermal gels, and injectable testosterone-based regimens, demonstrated promising efficacy in reducing serum testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as suppressing sperm concentration to contraceptive levels. However, some methods were associated with adverse effects such as acne, mood changes, weight gain, and reduced HDL levels. Male participants expressed willingness to use new contraceptive methods, although barriers such as cost and side effects remain. In contrast, female contraceptive options are well established, with intrauterine devices and subdermal implants demonstrating the highest efficacy and lower adverse effects compared to combined oral contraceptives. 4 Conclusion: Male contraceptive research is advancing, with several hormonal methods showing efficacy and user interest. However, development remains limited compared to female options. Addressing safety concerns, improving reversibility data, and increasing public awareness and funding are critical next steps in promoting gender equity in contraceptive responsibility and expanding available options for men.